C++'s runtime is worse than Java's in that sense. Most JVMs can run most Java bytecode, but your libstdc++ has to be from the same version of the same compiler that your application was compiled with.
It was quite surprising for me the first time I did a little embedded work and discovered I couldn't run binaries that were compiled against glibc on my musl-libc based system, and vice-versa. I had initially thought they all just supported the same c89 spec so should work...
