~80% of acetaminophen poisoning cases severe enough to end in hospital are intentional suicide attempts.
Those patients also have better outcomes though: family members know what happened, they get them to a hospital, they can take N-acetylcysteine as a timely antidote.
In the unintentional poisoning group, ~90% is from multi-day accumulation, they don't realize they've been poisoning themselves. They have a much higher rate of acute liver failure and death.
"There are two distinct clinical syndromes described in literature. One is the 'garden variety', wherein the patients ingested large amounts of acetaminophen with a suicidal intent .... The other pattern is seen in chronic alcoholics who ingest smaller amounts of acetaminophen in an attempt to relieve pain ...."
"The causes of chronic pain in the accidental overdose group were toothache, chronic backache, or headache."
Yes, and those alcoholics also exactly fit the multi-day accumulation pattern. These aren't people taking one day of Tylenol after a bender for a hangover. The pattern is people with an impaired ability to process acetaminophen (alcoholics) taking multiple days of doses they can't handle (their daily safe dose is about 1/2 of normal) for chronic pain (like chronic back pain).
"A lot fatalities due to taking after hangovers" no, that's not how acetaminophen fatalities happen. In fact, the article you cited specifically mentions "there is no scientific evidence that people with AUD (alcohol use disorder) who take the recommended dose of acetaminophen increase their risk of liver damage."
Fatalities happen basically from: product stacking combination medicines people don't realize contain acetaminophen and/or multi-day accumulation exceeding max daily limit over multiple days.
Chronic drinkers have impaired acetaminophen processing so they can't handle otherwise safe doses, but fatalities still typically occur in multi-day accumulation scenarios. Their safe daily max is ~half that of a non drinker.
The effects of one round of acute drinking don't impair the liver in the same way. People are not dropping dead because they took a normal dose of acetaminophen for a hangover. Not that I'm recommending you start doing it, but it is a myth.
> Fatalities happen basically from: product stacking combination medicines people don't realize contain acetaminophen and/or multi-day accumulation exceeding max daily limit over multiple days.
I find it obnoxious that NyQuil has taken over as the default brand people grab for cough syrup, for that reason. It has acetaminophen, while Robitussin or such have the other active ingredients without that risk.
The typical person doesn't read and understand active ingredients, and it's lucky if they even check dosage instructions.
I absolutely think we should ban acetaminophen in otc combo meds. There was a big drop in hospitalizations when they dropped the max allowed dose in prescription drugs like Vicodin, there's no reason these otc things like NyQuil need to exist at all.
The only thing you're right about here is that Spanish is "nearly phonetic" by which you mean that the writing system is orthographically transparent and very standardized. That's true and a huge benefit for learners.
The rest is not right, the word counts in particular is just a reflection of why counting words in a language is hard:
93k comes from the number headwords listed in the core RAE dictionary. The RAE's dictionary of Americanism adds another 70k entries. When you include historical and technical terminology, more comprehensive dictionaries will have well over 300k words.
Counting "over a million" from English comes from way, way more inclusive counting methods that throw in technical jargon, acronyms, global slang, etc. The OED, which would compare to the RAE dictionary numbers, lists only 171k words.
Beyond this, counting is complicated by the fact that compounding and morphological changes work differently, English will use different words in cases where Spanish would use suffixes, and will count compounds as words that in Spanish would be phrases.
"there's only a few ways to express yourself in Spanish compared to other languages." is very wrong. Spanish word order is massively more flexible than English, grammar and morphology more nuanced, they do things in different ways but this is a deep misunderstanding.
> "there's only a few ways to express yourself in Spanish compared to other languages." is very wrong. Spanish word order is massively more flexible than English
I remain unconvinced here. Spanish love song lyrics have no choice but to invoke "corazon" and "amor" so often because there are so few other words that convey that precise emotion. There are other ways (thinking of the song "Amor de Loca Juventud" by Buena Vista Social Club - beautiful song), but not many other ways like there are in say French, Swedish, or English, to use a few examples. This is mathematically proven to be true by word count alone - which you admit is a far lower figure in Spanish vs other languages.
It doesn't diminish anything about the Spanish language to point this out either, if anything, it makes it more quaint.
OED (171k) is comparable in content to RAE + RAE Americanisms (93k + 70k = 163k) because OED is pan dialect. RAE core dictionary by itself is not the same type of coverage as OED.
The 1M+ English number is essentially a garbage number from a media tracking company called Global Language Monitor and includes things no serious dictionary would include. 300k+ is for a very comprehensive legit Spanish dictionary with technical and historical words. Those two numbers aren't comparable.
"which you admit is a far lower figure in Spanish vs other languages." no you just misunderstood, the numbers are very comparable.
Looking to your perceptions of ngrams in pop lyrics is not a great way of doing linguistics, there are in fact many alternatives in Spanish for expressing emotions about love, whether you are aware of them or not, or whether song writers over use certain words. English lyrics repeat an awful lot of "love" "heart" and "baby".
Or any love poetry by Lorca, Neruda, Benedetti. The idea that Spanish has to resort to "corazon" and "amor" because it... has fewer words than other languages?? People believe some really crazy stuff.
You know very little about Spanish them. The thesaurus grew in a huge way over more than 1000 years of dialects, subdialects, borrowings from:
- Galician (easy mode, a Romance)
- Basque (they lived nearby the Castillans influenced Latin enough for Spanish, so that's a given)
- Catalan (another Romance)
- maybe Iberian, I'm not sure, through Basque
- Celtic, a common word like perro (dog) it's Celtic
- Gothic -yes, Goths, such as sala (living room), casa, (house) guardia...
- Arabic (most words with al- )
- French (carnét/garage...)
- Italian (most of the artsy stuff from the Enlightenment, such as piano)
and whatnot.
If you just pick up with the huge lyrics set from Spain you will find tons of different poetic registers. Just listen to Triana and Medina Azahara and any folk-rock English composer pales against these, because Triana and Medina Azahara it's the American progressive folk-rock from the 60s/70s mixed with Flamenco, and Flamenco itself it's a remix of music genres from several backgrounds. So the amount of feelings spoken and written in lyrics from that really complex tunes (from Triana more than Mediana Azahara) can't be subpar at all.
Do you think that Latin-American music is the pinnacle of the Spanish language? Have you read Borges, Cortázar, or Cervantes? I suppose you don’t even know who are they.
There remain undecidable problems even with finite memory/state space.
Linear bounded automata (LBA) the halting problem is decidable. But many properties of LBA are undecidable:
Emptiness: Does an LBA reject all possible inputs?
Universality: Does an LBA accept all possible inputs over its alphabet?
Equivalent: Do two LBA accept the same language?
Finiteness: Does an LBA accept a finite number of strings.
The bigger worry isn't really false negatives, modern PCR based testing is incredibly good. There is always risk but it's frankly extremely low. The bigger issue is that blood is pooled before testing to make that powerful testing economical. If you increase the rate at which you get (also possibly false) positives you risk having to throw out whole batches of pooled donations.
No, it's not though. That's true for antibody tests commonly used for individuals because it's cheap. The window period for nucleic acid testing that is used for blood supply is very short. This test is similar to what's used to confirm a positive antibody test, but isn't used for individual testing because it is too expensive. Hence the pooling.
The very first thing I did when coming to this thread was search for if someone had already mentioned "one book theory". My favorite episodes of IBCK are mostly the self-help trash.
Mass produced EVs and reusable rockets are already decade old accomplishments. His track record this last decade of accomplishing things he proposes is noticeably much worse.
Neuralink is just another medical device company right now. The things it is succeeding at aren't the crazy sci-fi Elon "telepathy" vision at all, and there are other BCI companies.
Boring Company is quite stagnant and I would say what they achieved is very underwhelming. The original framing was that it would revolutionize the costs of subway and high speed rail tunnels and it has not achieved that at all. The things it currently does are nothing like the vision Musk was selling in 2017, much of the original concept was shelved.
Robotaxi is wildly off schedule and his timelines that he puts out for it have been non-stop over optimistic and wrong. This may catch up eventually, but it's currently not at the point that Musk was already claiming it was at 10 years ago.
I'd list as another big flop of the last 10 years the Tesla Solar Roof.
Also, I think by far the biggest Musk reality mismatch is the story he pushes regarding Optimus vs what anyone has actually seen of that product. That mismatch is absolutely wild. Anyone who believes the things he says about timelines for it needs to get a grip.
BoJack Horseman is maybe my favorite show of all time. But that did start in 2014 and seems like a relic of an older Netflix that would commit to something for 6 seasons.
My casual observation is that people's perception of bean's gas causing properties is way out of line with what they do for most people and strongly influenced by people who have unusually high intolerance, who are the minority.
A part of the article that irked me is where he talks about why he's going to ignore people who say you get used to it because he thinks the microbiome change doesn't make sense misunderstands the gas/bacteria process in the gut.
There is a big mix of FODMAP eating bacteria, both inefficient generalists that can eat FODMAP but do it poorly and create a lot of gas, but also specialist bacteria like Bifidobacterium that also eat them but are much more efficient at it and produce much less gas. With more food the specialist bacteria becomes more prevalent. There are also gas consuming bacteria, not just gas producing, which also will shift in population. The idea is not that you just grow a larger population of the existing problematic bacteria.
When I was young, I never got gassy, regardless of what I was eating and how much I was eating.
But at one time I was forced to take antibiotics orally for a rather long time.
After that, eating anything like beans resulted in copious amounts of gas, so it was obvious that the composition of the bacteria community in my guts had been changed.
After many years, the reactions to beans and the like have diminished, but I have never reverted to the condition from before that exposure to antibiotics.
> My casual observation is that people's perception of bean's gas causing properties is way out of line with what they do for most people and strongly influenced by people who have unusually high intolerance, who are the minority.
I would not be shocked if they're also influenced by knowing a catchy rhyme describing the purported effects on an individual who consumes them.
~80% of acetaminophen poisoning cases severe enough to end in hospital are intentional suicide attempts.
Those patients also have better outcomes though: family members know what happened, they get them to a hospital, they can take N-acetylcysteine as a timely antidote.
In the unintentional poisoning group, ~90% is from multi-day accumulation, they don't realize they've been poisoning themselves. They have a much higher rate of acute liver failure and death.
https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1475 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2013.07.001 https://doi.org/10.1097/mcg.0b013e31818a3854